Determination of five macrolide antibiotic residues in raw milk using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A confirmatory method using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for determination of five macrolide antibiotics including spiramycin, tilmicosin, oleandomycin, erythromycin, and tylosin in raw milk is presented. Macrolides were extracted from raw milk by acetonitrile, and sample extracts were further cleaned up using solid-phase extraction cartridges. Data acquisition was achieved using multiple reaction monitoring, that is, two transitions, to provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Matrix-matched standard calibration curves with the use of roxithromycin as an internal standard were utilized to achieve the best accuracy of the method. Both a conventional validation procedure and a designed experiment were applied to study the accuracy and precision of the method. The measurement uncertainty arising from accuracy and precision was estimated. The method accuracy, expressed as a percentage of overall recovery, was approximately 100%, and its intermediate precision was <10%. LC-ESI/MS/MS method detection limits (S/N > or = 3:1) of five macrolides were <0.3 microg/kg.     

齐墩果酸抑菌活性的初步研究

以20 种植物病原菌为供试菌种,采用离体抑菌活性测定法系统地测定了齐墩果酸的抑 菌谱和抑菌毒力。结果表明,齐墩果酸对多种植物病原菌具有抑制作用,对油菜菌核病菌、番茄 早疫病菌、烟草赤星病菌、白菜黑斑病菌、杨树溃疡病菌、棉花黄萎病菌和小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生 长的抑制效果高于对其它供试病原菌,其中对番茄早疫病菌和白菜黑斑病菌防效最高,其有效 中浓(EC50 值)分别为59.3 和74.0mg L-1。本研究结果为将齐墩果酸开发为植物原杀菌剂提供了 一定的理论依据。     

准格尔盆地不同程度人类干扰下土壤盐分及离子组成特征

以新疆受不同程度干扰土壤的盐分及离子含量为研究对象,采用统计分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和空间分析的方法,探究人类干扰对土壤盐分和离子的含量及相关性的影响。结果表明:研究区土壤随着人为干扰的增强,土壤盐渍化程度加深;无论何种人为干扰程度下,土壤中Cl-和Na+均为含量最高的阴、阳离子,其含量均随着人为干扰的加剧逐渐增大,其中Cl-含量变化最显著,其在中、重度人为干扰区比无人干扰区分别增加了67%和234%,Na+分别增加34%和86%;土壤盐分含量与Cl-含量的相关性呈极显著正相关,相关系数随着人为干扰程度的加深分别增大51%和77%;离子间的相关系数最大的为重度人为干扰区的Cl-和Na+,达到0.98;土壤盐分与Cl-、Na+、SO42-的空间分布对应度随着人为干扰的增强而增大,其中与Cl-对应度最高,在无、中、重度分别达到53%、66%、89%,Cl-与Na+在重度人为干扰区对应度达到96%。综上,人类对土地的利用方式不同,从而使土壤所受干扰方式(灌溉、翻耕)与频率有差异,导致土壤受到的干扰程度不同,盐分和离子变化情况各异,因此对新疆干旱地区的土壤盐渍化修复时应进行有针对性地精确改良。     

台风“利奇马”暴雨引发的土壤侵蚀调查研究——以山东省临朐县为例

[目的]实地调查极端降雨事件下的土壤侵蚀特征,探寻水土流失治理中存在的问题,为人类应对极端天气灾害提供科学依据。[方法]以受2019年8月9号台风"利奇马"暴雨影响较大的山东省临朐县为调查区域,采用资料分析与野外调查相结合的方法,分析曾家沟、耿家沟典型小流域的坡面侵蚀、道路侵蚀及弥河上游各级河道的冲淤情况。[结果]"利奇马"台风过境期间,暴雨中心的雨量站降雨量达到50 a一遇标准;林草地、撂荒地基本无细沟侵蚀发生,坡耕地细沟侵蚀模数为4 560～19 500 t/km~2,梯田田面上细沟集中于承接上方汇水的位置;受植被保护或石坎梯田的田坎完好,而其他类型田坎滑塌严重。调查样地滑塌侵蚀模数301～36 321 t/km~2,田坎滑塌最为严重;河岸尤其是弯顶处冲刷严重,河道回流区、两河交汇处、拦河坝以及桥梁上游等淤积量较大。[结论]小流域的水土保持措施可减少暴雨造成的土壤侵蚀量。建议针对不同部位和利用类型的土地设计修建适宜的蓄排水和保土措施,并加强对农民的水土保持型农艺培训,提升极端暴雨下的水土流失防灾减灾能力。     

Development and evaluation of a high-throughput,low-cost genotyping platform based on oligonucleotide microarrays in rice

Background  

We report the development of a microarray platform for rapid and cost-effective genetic mapping, and its evaluation using rice as a model. In contrast to methods employing whole-genome tiling microarrays for genotyping, our method is based on low-cost spotted microarray production, focusing only on known polymorphic features.     

Rapid testing methods for food contaminants and toxicants

Food safety is one of the major concerns in every country regardless of the economic and social development. The frequent occurrence of food scandals in the world has led the Chinese government to implement several strategies to fortify the food supply system to a high food safety standard. This relies heavily on laboratory testing services but conventional methods for detection of food contaminants and toxicants are limited by sophisticated sample preparation procedures,long analysis time,large instruments and professional personnel to meet the increasing demands. In this review,we have incorporated most of the current and potential rapid detection methods for many notorious food contaminants and toxicants including microbial agents,toxic ions,pesticides,veterinary drugs and preservatives,as well as detection of genetically modified food genes and adulterated edible oil. Development of rapid,accurate,easy-to-use and affordable testing methods could urge food handlers and the public to actively screen for food contaminants and toxicants instead of passively relying on monitoring by the government examination facility. This review also provides several recommendations including how to encourage the public to engage in the food safety management system and provide optimal education and financial assistance that may improve the current Chinese food safety control system.     

1株产洛伐他汀红曲菌的筛选和鉴定

为筛选产洛伐他汀菌株,从不同来源的12个红曲米样品中,分离得到56株菌。通过薄层层析法初筛,HPLC复筛,得到5株产洛伐他汀菌株。对其中1株洛伐他汀产量最高的菌株MPT13(0.263 mg/mL)进行个体形态、菌落特征和分子生物学方法鉴定,并与GenBank中已有的有关序列进行比较及系统发育分析,结果鉴定菌株MPT13为紫色红曲霉(Monascus purpure)。     

Technical efficiency of carp production in Nepal: An application of stochastic frontier production function approach*

Abstract

Modern aquaculture is a relatively new activity among Nepalese farmers and a small contributor to the economy. Given the abundance of water resources and fish species, rising demand for fish, and its high profitability, aquaculture has potential for future expansion if it is given appropriate attention from the government. In Nepal, productivity in aquaculture is much lower compared to other countries in the region, which suggests that there is potential for increased fish production through technological progress and improvement in farm‐level technical efficiency. However, no formal analysis has yet been conducted to assess the productive performance of Nepalese aquaculture and its potential for future improvement. Against this background, this paper examines the technical efficiency and its determinants for a sample of fish pond farms from the Tarai region of the country using a stochastic production frontier involving a model for technical inefficiency effects. The estimated mean technical efficiency is 77%, with intensive farms being more efficient than extensive farms. The adoption of regular fish, water, and feed management activities has a strong positive effect on technical efficiency.     

A review of production frontier analysis for aquaculture management

Abstract

This paper examines recent advances in production economics with special reference to efficiency measurement using production frontiers and its implications for aquaculture management. Compared with agriculture and other industries, the use of production frontiers in aquaculture is still very limited. However, in recent years several frontier applications in aquaculture have appeared in the literature, suggesting potential applications of these techniques in aquaculture. A synopsis of stochastic frontier production function model and data envelopment analysis (DEA), the two most popular approaches to efficiency measurement, is presented, followed by a review of recent frontier studies in shrimp, carp and tilapia production. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future development and prospects of frontier applications for aquaculture management.